70,000

Ø  Paleolithic Period
Ø  Stone tools
Ø  Platyvolos skull

15,000-7000

Ø  Mesolithic Period
Ø  Boats
Ø  Obsidian from Melos

7250

Ø  Earliest evidence of burials found in Franchthi Cave in the Argolid, Greece

7000

Ø  First handmade pottery in the Near East
Ø  Early experiments with copper ores in Anatolia (Smelting of copper ["chalko-lithic"])

7000-3000

Ø  Neolithic Period
Ø  The "agrarian revolution"
Ø  Permanent settlements
Ø  Evidence of food producing economy: Domesticated plants and animals
Ø  Seafaring in mainland Greece and the Aegean
Ø  Dimini [MN]
Ø  Sesklo [LN]
Ø  Settled life in villages
Ø  Simple hut construction

6500

Ø  First farming in Greece and the Aegean
Ø  Adoption of farming in the Balkan's signals beginning of European Neolithic period

6250-5400

Ø  Catal Hüyük, the largest city of its day flourishes in Anatolia

6200

Ø  Farming villages established in western and central Mediterranean

6000

Ø  Sheep, barley and wheat introduced to Egypt from western Asia

5700

Ø  First "Megaron House" at Sesklo, in central Greece

5500

Ø  Halaf culture in Mesopotamia

5200

Ø  Farmers of central Europe spread northwest as far as the Netherlands

5000

Ø  Colonization of Mesopotamian alluvial plain by peoples practicing irrigation
Ø  First agricultural settlements in Egypt
Ø  Gold and Copper used in manufacturing in the Balkan's

4500

Ø  Copper smelting in eastern Europe
Ø  Beginning of rich burial patterns in eastern and central Europe
Ø  Cattle used as plough animals in lower Danube region
Ø  First megalithic tombs in Western Europe

4400

Ø  Domestication of horse on Eurasian steppes

4200

Ø  World's earliest known copper mines in eastern Europe at Aibumar and Rudna Glava

4000

Ø  Bronze casting begins in Near East
Ø  Use of plough commences

3800

Ø  Formation of defended villages in western Europe

3500

Ø  Invention of wheel and plough (Mesopotamia) and sail (Egypt)
Ø  Increasing use of animals in farming

3400

Ø  Evidence of earliest fortification at Dimini, Greece
Ø  First walled towns in Egypt

3300-2800

Ø  Early Bronze Age I: EM I at Debla

3200

Ø  First wheeled vehicles in Europe
Ø  Construction of megalithic stone circles, predominantly in northwest France and British Isles

3200-2000

Ø  Early Cycladic Culture in the Aegean

3000

Ø  Construction of walled citadels in Mediterranean
Ø  First evidence of Egyptian Hieroglyphics
Ø  Houses of Vasiliki and Myrtos
Ø  Messara Tholoi
Ø  House of Tiles at Lerna

3000-2600

Ø  Minoan Prepalatial or EMIA, EMIB

3000-1900

Ø  Early Helladic Period in archaeology

3100

Ø  Pictographic writing invented in Sumur
Ø  Emergence of Egyptian state
Ø  New capitol at Memphis

2700

Ø  ØBeginning of Egyptian Old Kingdom

2600-2200

Ø  ØEarly Bronze Age II (proto-urban [great house; centralized government]) ØEM II: Vasilike; EH II: Lerna, Corridor House "House of the Tiles" (destroyed by fire)

2650

Ø  ØFirst Egyptian stepped pyramid in Saqqara

2600

Ø  ØPyramid of Maidum, Egypt - The first true pyramid

2600-2000

Ø  ØMinoan Prepalatial Period or: EMIIA, EMIIB, MMIII

2500

Ø  Use of bronze widespread in Aegean basin

2300

Ø  ØFull European Bronze Age begins

2200-1900

Ø  ØEarly Bronze Age III: Potter's Wheel; Greek's (Greeks?)

2200-1500

Ø  Minoan palaces established on Crete
Ø  Worship of Snake Goddess

2180

Ø  Collapse of Egyptian Old Kingdom

2100-1900

Ø  Indo-European speakers arrive in mainland Greece

2100-1550

Ø  Middle Helladic Period or Middle Bronze Age (Mainland Greece)
Ø  Invasion of Greek-speaking people into mainland Greece
Ø  Middle Minoan (Crete)
Ø  Small villages, Intra-mural burials (Ayios Stephanos)

2040

Ø  Establishment of Egyptian Middle Kingdom

2000

Ø  Indo-Europeans invade and settle Peloponnese
Ø  Rise of Minoan civilization on Crete
Ø  Earliest palaces in Create (Minoan civilization)
Ø  Sail used on seagoing vessels in the Aegean
Ø  Stonehenge constructed

2000-1600

Ø  Early Middle Cycladic

1990

Ø  New Egyptian capitol at El-Lisht

1900-1700

Ø  Minoan Protopalatial Period or: MMIA, MMIB, MMI IA, MMI IB, MMI IIA, MMI, IIB, LMIA Early

1900

Ø  Mainland contacts with Crete

1900-1800

Ø  Cretan Hieroglyphic; MM IA writing

1800

Ø  Shamshi-Adad founds Assyrian state
Ø  Horse introduced to Egypt

1800-1700

Ø  "Proptopalaces": MM IB-II

1783

Ø  Fall of Egyptian Middle Kingdom

1750

Ø  Foundation of Babylonian empire
Ø  Foundation of Hittite empire in Anatolia

1700

Ø  Destruction of Minoan Palaces
Ø  Bronze body armor first used in Near East
Ø  Settlement of Akrotiri, Thera
Ø  Grave Circle B at Mycenae

1700-1500

Ø  Height of Minoan civilization

1700-1400

Ø  Minoan Neopalatial Period or: LMIA Advanced, LMIA Final, LMIB Early, LMIB Late, LMII

1700-1100

Ø  Late Bronze Age or the Heroic Age

1650

Ø  Neopalatial Crete; (Linear A Script): MM III

1627(-1600)

Ø  Eruption of Thera volcano (sometime between 1627 and 1600): LM IA

1600

Ø  Rise of Mycenaean civilization on mainland Greece
Ø  Legends: Argo, Voyage, Herakles, Oedipus
Ø  Grave Circle at Mycenae

1600-1500

Ø  "Shaft Grave Period": LH 1

1580-1100

Ø  Late Helladic Period in archaeology
Ø  Tholos Tomb at Mycenae

1560

Ø  Rise of the Egyptian New Kingdom

1500

Ø  Development of "Linear B" Script

1500-1450

Ø  Mycenaean's from mainland gain control of palaces in Crete

1475-1450

Ø  Destruction of almost all Cretan sites: LM IB

1450

Ø  Mycenaean's conquered Crete
Ø  First destruction of Minoan Crete

1450-1400

Ø  Greek take-over of Crete (Final Palatial): LM II

1450-1180

Ø  Linear B writing

1400

Ø  Rise of Mycenaean naval strength
Ø  Mycenaean Palaces
Ø  Evidence of expanded Mycenaean trade at Levand

1400-1375

Ø  Beginning of "Mycenaean Empire" (Mycenae, Tiryns, Thebes, Pylos): LB IIIA

1400-1200

Ø  Height of Mycenaean civilization
Ø  Beads and ornaments made out of glass by Mycenaean's

1400-1100

Ø  Minoan Postpalatial Period or LMIIIA1, LMIIIA2, LMIIIB, LMIIIC

1375-1325

Ø  Destruction of Knossos in Crete (Post Palatial): LB IIIB

1370

Ø  Palace of Knossos destruction

1323-1225

Ø  Destruction of all other Mycenaean centers: LB IIIC

1300-1000

Ø  Mycenaean Culture

1250

Ø  Troy VIIA destroyed

1200

Ø  Collapse of Mycenaean civilization
Ø  Second destruction of Minoan Crete
Ø  Destruction of many Mycenaean palaces
Ø  Collapse of Hittite empire
Ø  Jewish exodus from Egypt
Ø  "Sea People" active in Eastern Mediterranean

1200-1000

Ø  Dorian's invade Greek mainland

1194-84

Ø  Traditional date for Trojan War

1180-1050

Ø  Sub-Mycenaean Period

1151

Ø  Death of Pharaoh Ramses III

1150-950

Ø  Sub-Minoan Period

1100

Ø  Bronze Age Ends
Ø  All state-institutions collapse
Ø  End of Mycenaean age and civilization
Ø  Early city-states ruled through monarchy
Ø  Citadels burned by invaders
Ø  Destruction of Miletus and resettlement
Ø  Lefkandi: Toumba building
Ø  Spread of Phoenicians in Mediterranean
Ø  Greek settlements created through the Aegean islands and Asia Minor
Ø  Development of alphabetic script by Phoenicians

1100-1050

Ø  Submycenaean period in archaeology

1100-900

Ø  Early Greek Dark Age
Ø  Proto-Geometric Period

1050

Ø  Iron tools appear

1050-900

Ø  Protogeometric period in art

1100-1000

Ø  Ionian-Aeolic immigration to islands and Asia Minor

1066

Ø  Position of arkhon replaced the king of Athens

1050

Ø  New centers emerge

1000

Ø  Hillforts in western Europe
Ø  Establishment of iron industry in the Aegean

9th C

Ø  Homer active

900

Ø  Slow increase in population and area of settlement
Ø  Founding of Sparta
Ø  Dorian migration to the Aegean islands, Asia Minor (area around Rhodes), and through the Peloponnesus
Ø  Assyrian expansion begins

8th C

Ø  Hesiod active

900-850

Ø  End of Greek Dark Age
Ø  Early Geometric Period in art

850-750

Ø  Middle Geometric Period in art

850

Ø  First settlement at Rome

850-479

Ø  Archaic / Geometric Age

800

Ø  Population and area of settlement process accelerates
Ø  Greek alphabet developed from Phoenician alphabet
Ø  Invention of vowels
Ø  Earliest Greek temples
Ø  Establishment of Celtic Iron Age culture (Hallstatt)
Ø  Rise of Etruscan city-states

800-700

Ø  Monarchies begin to be replaced by Aristocratic Republics

814

Ø  Foundation of Carthage by Phoenicians

813

Ø  Carthage founded

790-760

Ø  Sparta expands into Laconia

776

Ø  Traditional date for first Olympic Games (1st Olympiad)

760

Ø  Pithecusae (island near Naples) founded

757

Ø  Sparta keeps list of annual magistrates

756

Ø  Sparta's "Great Rhetra"
Ø  Colonies in the Propontis (Sea of Marmara) founded

753

Ø  Traditional date for the founding of Rome by Romulus
Ø  (trad) Romulus founds Rome

752

Ø  arkhon position limited to ten years in Athens

750

Ø  Spread of Greek colonization throughout Mediterranean and Black Sea
Ø  Megara becomes independent from Corinth
Ø  Iron-working spreads to Britain
Ø  Hesiod's poetry first written

750-700

Ø  Late Geometric Period in art
Ø  Emergence of city-states
Ø  Iliad and Odyssey and Hymns most likely composed by Homer

734

Ø  Corinth founds Corcyra
Ø  Naxos; first colony in Sicily founded

733

Ø  Corinth founds Syracuse (Sicily)

732-716

Ø  First Messenian War (Sparta vs. Messenia)

730-710

Ø  Spartans conquered Messenia

730

Ø  Earliest Greek colonies in Sicily and Southern Italy

721-650

Ø  Apogee of Assyrian empire

720

Ø  "orientalizing" period in art begins

710

Ø  Pheidon of Argos
Ø  Lelantine War (Euboea: Eretria loses to Chalkis)

706

Ø  Spartan "Parthenioi" founded Taras (modern Taranto, Italy)

700-400

Ø  Archaic Period in Greece

690

Ø  Etruscan script developed from Greek

687-652

Ø  Gyges, King of Lydia, invents coinage (in use in Greece by 650)

683

Ø  Traditional date of end of monarchy in Athens; henceforth annual arkhons
Ø  Arkhon position in Athens changed from one to nine, elected every year
Ø  Athens keeps list of the annual magistrate arkhon Basileus

676

Ø  Megara founds Chalcedon (on Anatolian side of the Bosphoros)

675

Ø  Homeric Hymn to Demeter

671

Ø  Assyrian conquest of Egypt

669

Ø  Argos defeats Sparta at Hysiai
Ø  Sparta adopts the "Eunomia"

668

Ø  Pheidon controls Olympia

664

Ø  Pharaoh Psamtik I ascends Egyptian throne

659-657

Ø  Megara founds Byzantion (on the European side of the Bosphoros)

653-625

Ø  Cypselos, tyrant of Corinth

650

Ø  Corinthian black-figure pottery
Ø  First life-size marble statue created
Ø  Earliest Greek colonies in Black Sea region
Ø  Second  Spartan-Messenian war
Ø  Reforms of "Lykourgos" in Sparta
Ø  Tyrtaios
Ø  Earliest stone temples
Ø  Earliest Lyric Poets
Ø  Rise of the Tyrants
Ø  First Greek coins
Ø  Rise of Greek lyric poetry

650-600

Ø  First bronze statues made by lost wax method

632

Ø  Kylon's conspiracy in Athens, trial and exile by the Alcaeonidae whereupon he leaves and goes to Delphi

630

Ø  Cyrene founded
Ø  Sappho born in Lesbos
Ø  Foundation of Kyrene

625-587

Ø  Periander, Tyrant of Athens

625-545

Ø  Thales born in Miletos

624

Ø  Drako, sole arkhon of Athens
Ø  Drako's harsh laws instituted in Athens: "Drako's Code of Law"

620

Ø  Foundation of Naukratis

612

Ø  Collapse of Assyrian power

600

Ø  Foundation of Greek colony at Massalia (Marsailles)
Ø  Trade between Celts northwest of the Alps and Greek colonies in western Mediterranean
Ø  Rome established as urban center
Ø  Sappho and Alkaios
Ø  Potidaea (Chalkidike), Massalia (Marseilles), and Naukratis (delta of Egypt) founded
Ø  Development of Latin script

600-560

Ø  Kleisthenes, tyrant of Sikyon

600-550

Ø  Earliest coinage in Asia Minor

596

Ø  1st Pyrthia games at Delphi

594/3

Ø  Solon became arkhon and began in Athens
Ø  Salon replaces the Drakonian Law in Athens and lays the foundation for Democracy
Ø  Salon introduces to Athens the first coinage and a system of weights and measures

593

Ø  "Seisachtheia" adoption of Euboic standard of coinage
Ø  Psamtik II campaigns against Kush, using Greek Mercenaries

585

Ø  Thales (of Miletos) predicts eclipse of the sun (28 May)
Ø  Beginnings of Greek rationalist philosophy

583/2

Ø  Fall of the Cypselids at Corinth
Ø  Damasias sole arkhon at Athens (until January 579)

582

Ø  Pythian games established

581

Ø  Isthmian games established

579

Ø  Jan-Oct: board of 10 arkhons (5 nobles, 3 farmers, 2 craftsmen) at Athens
Ø  Solon returns

573

Ø  Nemean games established

570-565

Ø  Athens vs. Megara
Ø  Peisistratos seizes the island of Salamis

ca. 569-475

Ø  Pythagoras born in Samos

566

Ø  Panathenaic festivals established

560

Ø  Kroisos I (Lydia) gains control of Ionian cities
Ø  Chilon, ephor of Sparta, makes the ephorate the supreme executive power
Ø  Peisistratos becomes tyrant of Athens; mutilates himself; gets bodyguard, and seizes the Acropolis

560-510

Ø  Peisistratos and sons tyrants in Athens

556

Ø  Peisistratos forced to retire (goes to Sigaeum in the Troad)

550

Ø  Sparta consolidate position as major power in Peloponnese
Ø  Theognis
Ø  Peisistratos returns to Athens (marries daughter of Miltiades, she claims unnatural consummation), and returns again (goes to "White Tower" in the Thracian Chersonese [Gallipolo peninsula])
Ø  Cyrus II founds Persian empire

548

Ø  Temple of Apollo at Delphi burns, rebuilt in marble by the Alcmaeonidae

546

Ø  Peisistratos lands at Marathon, gets Phyë to dress up as Athena, becomes tyrant of Athens again
Ø  Kyros (Persian king) invasion and conquest Kroisos and gains control of Greek cities/territories throughout Asia Minor

535

Ø  1st naval battle: Greeks vs. Etruscans off Alalia (near Pisa, Italy)

534

Ø  God Dionysos introduced to Athens (1st dithyrambs [choral hymns & reenactments of his myth {earliest drama}] at the Festival of Dionysos)

530

Ø  Pythagoras, active

527

Ø  Peistratos dies. His sons become the Tyrants of Athens
Ø  Hippias (with Hipparchos becomes tyrant of Athens

525

Ø  Earliest Athenian red-figured pottery
Ø  Persian conquest of Egypt
Ø  Aischylos, tragic dramatist, born at Eleusis, Dies c. 456
Ø  Kleisthenes became arkhon in Athens

522

Ø  Pindar, chief lyric poet of Greece, born near Thebes. Dies at Argos c. 440

521

Ø  Cyrus, King of Persia dies
Ø  Darius I (Darius the Mede) became king of Persia

519

Ø  Plataia besieged by Thebes, Allies with Athens

514

Ø  Hipparchos assassinated by Harmodios and Aristogeiton the "tyrannicides"
Ø  Persia conquers Thrace to the Strymon river

513

Ø  Alcmaeonidae invade Attica and are driven back

511

Ø  Sparta lands at Phaleron to expel Hippias and are driven back
Ø  Miltiades returns from the Chersonnese

510

Ø  Alcmaeonidae family and Spartans free Athens from Tyranny
Ø  Introduction of Democracy in Athens
Ø  Kleomenes of Sparta expels Hippias (he flees to Sigaeum)
Ø  Darius I completes canal connecting Nile with Red Sea
Ø  Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus completed at Rome

509

Ø  Isagoras, arkhon eponymous at Athens
Ø  Last of kings expelled from Rome
Ø  Treaty with Carthage

508/7

Ø  Reforms of Kleisthenes
Ø  Reforming the Athenian code of laws
Ø  Establishing a democratic constitution
Ø  Tribes elect their own generals (board of 10 = strategeia)

506

Ø  Athens sets up a clerouchy at Chalkis

505

Ø  Kleisthenes founds democracy in Athens

501

Ø  Reform of the strategia, elected now by the ekklesia

500-403

(transitional:)

500-480

Ø  Classical Age I

500

Ø  Construction of Persian Royal Road form Sardis to Susa
Ø  Tribute reliefs carved at Persepolis

500/490

Ø  Darius sends embassy to Carthage

5th C

Ø  Pheidias and Polykleitos (sculptors) and Polygnotos (painter) active

499

Ø  Ionians revolt from Persian empire

498

Ø  Athenians send 20 ships and troops to help Ionian revolt, participate in burning of Sardis (Lydian capital)
Ø  Athenians defeated by Persians near Ephesus
Ø  Themistocles arkhon in Athens

497-479

Ø  Persian Wars

496

Ø  Battle of Lake Regillus
Ø  Rome against Latin League
Ø  Sophokles, tragic dramatist, born at Kolonos. Writes 123 plays. Dies at Athens, 406

494

Ø  Battle of Lade: End of Ionian revolt by Persians
Ø  Battle of Sepea: Peloponnesian League led by Sparta defeats Argos, last major rival in Peloponnese
Ø  Miletos destroyed
Ø  Persians suppress Ionian Revolt

493

Ø  Themistocles arkhon in Athens
Ø  Trial of Miltiades
Ø  Phynichos's play Milesian Women
Ø  Piraeus becomes Athens' main harbor

491

Ø  Aegina "Medizes" (goes over to the Persian side)
Ø  Leotychides & Leonides, kings of Sparta, make an alliance with Athens and Corinth
Ø  Darius sails from Smyrna (modern: Izmir, Turkey) across the Aegean, stopping at Delos battle of Marathon (June?)
Ø  Darius sails back

490

Ø  Athenians defeat Darius and his Persians at Battle of Marathon

487

Ø  arkhon began to be selected by lot in Athens
Ø  First ostracism
Ø  Hippocleides, an Alcmaeonidae

486

Ø  Xerxes became king of Persia

485

Ø  Death of Darius the Great, accession of Xerxes (assassinated 464)
Ø  Herodotos, historian, born at Halikarnassos. Dies 425

483

Ø  Silver mines discovered near Athens
Ø  Athens begins to build naval fleet
Ø  Themistocles convinced Athenian Assembly to use profits from silver mines to expand navy

483/82

Ø  Rich silver vein discovered at Laureion (Athens)

482

Ø  Aristides the Just ostracized

482/1

Ø  Athenians use Laureion silver to build 100-trireme fleet

481

Ø  Congress of Corinth: most Greeks agree to common defense against Persians
Ø  Xerxes (Persian king) begins invasion of Greece
Ø  Hellenic League formed against Persian threat
Ø  "Themistocles Decree" to evacuate Athens
Ø  All exiles and those ostracized recalled

480

Ø  Battle of Thermopylae
Ø  Battle of Artemesion
Ø  Persians defeated the Spartans at Thermopylae
Ø  "Themistocles Decree" to evacuate Athens
Ø  Persians burn the Acropolis
Ø  Persians at battle of Salamis (20 September)
Ø  Battle of Plataia; Persians abandon invasion
Ø  Persians defeated by Athens at naval battle of Salamis
Ø  Persians forced to withdraw from Greece
Ø  Xerxes musters the army at Sigaeum, crosses the Hellespont, digs a canal through the Athos peninsula
Ø  Greeks sail to Artemisium, the army under Leonidas march to Thermopylae; battles lost.
Ø  Athenians evacuate the city and move to troizene; Persians capture the city and burn it.
Ø  Xerxes, defeated, sails across to Smyrna with his navy; his army stays
Ø  Second stage of European Iron Age
Ø  Euripides, dramatist born. Writes 80 plays. Dies in 406

480-479

Ø  The founding of the Delian League

480-460

Ø  Carthage under Hanno expands African territory

479

Ø  Persians defeated by Greeks at battle of Mycale
Ø  Battle of Plataea; Persians abandoned invasion
Ø  Battle of Mycale
Ø  Persian fleet defeated in Ionia
Ø  Congress and oath of Plataea
Ø  Prosecution of the war against Persia under the "Delian Confederacy"
Ø  Athens rebuilds her walls
Ø  Spartan admiral Pausanias heads the Delian Confederacy for a couple of months; then Athens takes over
Ø  Death of Confucius

479-338

Ø  Period of Greek Classical culture

478

Ø  Delian League under Athenian leadership formed
Ø  Aischylos' Prometheus
Ø  Foundation of Confederacy of Delos by Aristeides the Just; it becomes the Athenian empire

478/7

Ø  Athens and other Aegean state form Delian League to continue war against Persia
Ø  Start of period of Kimon's prominence in Athens as general of League

476

Ø  Persians expulsed from Eion (last major outpost in  Europe)

476-473

Ø  Naval campaign by Kimon began for Athens and continued for next three years.

472

Ø  Aiskhylos' Persai

471

Ø  Themistokles ostracized from Athens and flees to Sigaeum

470

Ø  Naxos revolts, is defeated, and gets a clerouchy

470-456

Ø  Construction of temple of Zeus at Olympia

469

Ø  Battle of the Eurymedon river (Cyprus)
Ø  Sokrates, philosopher, born in Athens. Father of the Sokratic method of philosophy. Condemned to death by poisoning in 399

467

Ø  Persians defeated by Kimon
Ø  Battle of Eurymedon
Ø  Persians cleared from western coast of Asia Minor

465

Ø  Earthquake in Lakonia
Ø  Helot revolt against Sparta in Messenia
Ø  Revolt of Thasos, crushed
Ø  Athens sends a colony to the Nine Ways (Amphipolis) on the Strymon river next to Mt Pangaion (full of silver)

464

Ø  Earthquake at Sparta
Ø  Revolt of the Helots to Messene
Ø  Kimon of Athens takes an army to Sparta to help the Spartans capture the Helots; the army eventually rebels, Kimon is recalled and ostracized.
Ø  Xerxes assassinated, succeeded by Artaxerxes
Ø  revolt in Egypt; Athens sends ships to help

463

Ø  Kimon prosecuted by Perikles, but acquitted in Athens

462

Ø  Democratic reforms by Perikles in Athens

462/1

Ø  In Athens, democratic reforms associated with Ephialtes (additional measures in following years)

461

Ø  Kimon ostracized from Athens
Ø  Start of Perikles' rise to prominence Sparta takes Messene
Ø  Athens settles the Messenian survivors at Naupaktos
Ø  Athens allies with Megara and helps build her Long Walls to Nisaea at Minoa

461-446

Ø  First Peloponnesian War

460

Ø  Papyrus replaces clay tablets in Persian administration
Ø  Hippokrates, physician, born at Kos. Author of over 70 medical treatises. Dies at Larisa, Thessaly, c. 377.
Ø  Birth of Thucydides, historian of the Peloponnesian War. Dies c. 400

460-430

Ø  Achilles-painter active

460-429

Ø  Perikles leads Athens through its "Golden Era"

460-410

Ø  White lêkythoi popular (an oil jar having an ellipsoidal body, narrow neck, flanged neck, flanged mouth, curved handle extending from below the lip to the shoulder, and a narrow base terminating in a foot: used chiefly for ointments)

459

Ø  Artaxerxes bribes Sparta to invade Athens

459-454

Ø  Revolt of Inaros in Egypt, aid sent by Athens

459-445

Ø  Intermittent warfare between Athens and various allies against Spartan-led Peloponnesians
Ø  Athens gains and loses a land empire in central Greece

458

Ø  Aiskhylos' Oresteia trilogy of tragedies (Agamemnon, Libation Barers, Eumenides) in Athens
Ø  Athens completes her own Long Walls to Piraeus

458-456

Ø  Long wall built connecting Athens for port city of Piraeus

457

Ø  Tomides sails around the Peloponnese from Athens to Naupaktos, Archoship at Athens is opened up to the zeugitai class

456

Ø  Completion of temple of Zeus at Olympia

454

Ø  Athens's ships in Egypt are defeated in battle of the White Tower
Ø  Treasury of Delian League moved from Delos to Athens
Ø  Gradual transformation of Delian League into Athenian empire
Ø  Miletos revolts

453

Ø  Defeat of Athenians sent to aid Egyptian revolt against Persia

452

Ø  Miletos is recovered

451

Ø  Five-year peace treaty between Sparta and Athens
Ø  Perikles changed Athens law on citizenship
Ø  Kimon returns from ostracism
Ø  Sparta allies with Argos

450

Ø  Athens stops fighting Persia
Ø  Sophist Protagoras visits Athens
Ø  Kimon campaigns in Cyprus & dies (battle of Salamis, Cyprus)
Ø  Athens establishes pay for jury duty but restricts citizenship to those born of parents who are both Athenians
Ø  Tribute from the Delian federal allies converted solely to cash (no ships)
Ø  Carthaginians drive out of west Sicily
Ø  Apogee of Athens

449

Ø  Perikles elected polemarch (every year [except 443] until his death in 429)
Ø  Peace of Kallias with Persia (war over)
Ø  Congress decree (no tribute for one year, meeting for all allied states at Corinth to decide what to do with the Delian League)
Ø  Papyrus decree (tribute to be reimposed in 448/7)
Ø  Coinage decree (all allied states must use Athenian money)
Ø  Klearchos decree
Ø  Sacmos revolts & forms an oligarchy
Ø  1st Sacred War at Delphi
Ø  Secession of Roman plebeians leads to constitutional reform

449-432

Ø  Athens began to rebuild Acropolis including the Parthenon

448

Ø  Birth of Aristophanes, greatest of the Greek comic dramatists. Author of 54 plays. Dies c. 388

447

Ø  Parthenon begun

446

Ø  "Thirty Years' Peace" treaty signed between Athens and Sparta during winter (see above 450)
Ø  Battle of Coronea (Boeotians and allies defeat and rout the Athenians)
Ø  Megara & Euboea revolt (Euboea is recaptured)
Ø  Sparta attacks Attica
Ø  Psammetichus of Egypt sends grain
Ø  Revision of Athenian citizenship to 21,000 citizens
Ø  Athens allies with Rhegium & Leontinoi in Sicily

445

Ø  Sophokles' Ajax

443

Ø  Perikles NOT elected polemarch
Ø  Disenfranchichised Athenians send as colonists to Thurii in south Italy (Herodotus amongst them)
Ø  Thucydides, son of Melesios (not the historian Thucydides, son of Oloros) is ostracized
Ø  Athenian empire reorganized into 5 districts

443-429

Ø  Perikles dominant political leader in Athens  during the "Golden Age"

442

Ø  Parthenon dedicated
Ø  Perikles re-elected polemarch (and every year until his death in 429)

440

Ø  Samos and Byzantion revolts from Athenian empire; revolt suppressed

440/39

Ø  Sophokles' Antigone in Athens

438

Ø  Dedication of statue of Athena in Parthenon
Ø  All statues in place at Parthenon
Ø  Amphipolis founded
Ø  1st Megarian decree (no trading with Megara)

435

Ø  Warfare between Kekyra and Korinth
Ø  Athenian alliance with Kekyra (prelude to Peloponnesian War)

433

Ø  Completion of Parthenon in Athens

432

Ø  Contrary to the 30 Years Peace, Athens admits Corcyra into the alliance and demands Potidaea,, not an ally, to dismantle her walls
Ø  2nd Megarian decree (Megara is not allowed to trade in any market of the Athenian allies)

431

Ø  Formal outbreaks of Peloponnesian War (Athens and her allies against Sparta and her allies)
Ø  Euripides' Medeia in Athens
Ø  Corinth gets Sparta to declare war on Athens

431-404

Ø  Second Peloponnesian War between Sparta and Athens

430

Ø  Plague in Athens

429

Ø  Birth of Plato, possibly in Athens. Practices philosophy in Athens and founds his own academy. Dies in Athens, 346
Ø  Death of Perikles
Ø  Cleon becomes the most influential member of the ekklesia

429-408/7

Ø  Construction of Erekhteion (Athens)

428

Ø  Sophokle's Oidipous Tyrannos
Ø  Euripides' Hyppolytos
Ø  Property tax in Athens

428-427

Ø  Mytilene revolts from Athenian empire; revolt suppressed

425

Ø  Eurymedon & Sophokles (the admiral) set sail for Sicily with Demosthenes (the admiral), who stops off at Pylos, fortifies it, and manages to isolate several hundred Spartiates on the island of Sphacteria; Sparta sues for a truce; Cleon refuses, and arrives at Pylos. The island of Sphacteria is burned, the Spartiates are exposed, and 240 are captured.

423

Ø  armistice

422

Ø  Brasidas, the leading Spartan general, and Cleon die at the battle of Amphipolis

421

Ø  Peace of Nicias ends first part of Peloponnesian War (Athens & Sparta only)
Ø  Nicias, a religious arch-conservative, is polemarch

420

Ø  Athens forms alliance, technically putting her to war again Sparta

420-410

Ø  Construction of Temple of Athena Nike

418

Ø  Athenians resume hostilities
Ø  Sparta defeats Argos and allies (including Athens) at Mantineia

417

Ø  Nicias, a religious arch-conservative, is polemarch

416

Ø  Athenians captures and razes Melos; killing all the men and enslaving the women and children

415

Ø  Mutilation of the Herms; Sicilian expedition; recall of Alcibiades and his flight to Sparta (eventually he makes his way to Samos)

415-413

Ø  Athenian invasion of Syracuse
Ø  Alcibiades defects to Sparta

414/13

Ø  Persians begin support of Spartans against Athenians

413

Ø  Sparta invades Attica and installs permanent fort at Dekeleia in Athenian territory
Ø  Athenians defeated at Syracuse

412-404

Ø  Naval warfare between Athens and Sparta in Aegean
Ø  "democratic" revolution at Samos

411

Ø  Aristophanes produces Lysistrata
Ø  Revolts in Athens
Ø  "the 400" in power in Athens (Spring)
Ø  "the 5000" (September)

411-410

Ø  Oligarchic regimes of 400 at 5000 at Athens

410

Ø  Restoration of democracy at Athens
Ø  Carthage invades Sicily

409

Ø  Athens loses to Pylos & Nisaia (Megara)
Ø  In Sicily, Carthaginians destroy Selinus and Himera
Ø  Carthage sends embassy to Athens

408

Ø  Athens recovers Byzantion
Ø  Alcibiades returns to Athens

406

Ø  Battle of Arginusae
Ø  Trial of the Athenian admirals
Ø  Carthaginians destroy Aeragas

405

Ø  Athenian navy badly defeated by Lysander at battle of Aegospotami
Ø  Lysander is Navarch
Ø  Battle of Aegospotami (Lysander vs. Conon)

404

Ø  Surrender of Athens to Sparta
Ø  Oligarchy of Thirty appointed by Sparta (nicknamed the "Thirty Tyrants")
Ø  Thrasybulus seizes Phyla
Ø  Egypt independent

403

Ø  Fall of Thirty Tyrants
Ø  Democracy restored to Athens
Ø  Thrasybulus seizes Piraeus

401

Ø  Sparta's hegemony in the Aegean
Ø  Cyrus's revolt (2nd Ionian revolt) in Anatolia against Artexerxes II
Ø  "Anabasis" of Xenophon
Ø  Battle of Kunaxa, Cyrus killed

400

Ø  Celtic settlement of Northern Italy

400-330

Ø  Late Classical Period

4th C

Ø  Praxiteles (sculpture) active

399

Ø  Trial and execution (by poisoning) of Sokrates
Ø  Agis, King of Sparta, invades Elis
Ø  Naupaktos (Messenians evicted)
Ø  Thessaly war declared against Persia

398

Ø  Agesilaus, King of Sparta, engineers truce between Sparta and Persia

397

Ø  Sparta-Persia truce collapses
Ø  Conon appointed commander of Persian fleet in Cyprus
Ø  Conspiracy of Cinaden, leader of the Inferiors

396

Ø  Agesilaus assumes command of the Spartan army

395

Ø  Conon engineers  revolt of Rhodes
Ø  Tissaphernes bribes Argos, Corinth & Thebes to revolt from Sparta

395-340

Ø  Warfare between rival Greek leagues

394

Ø  Persia defeats Sparta at battle of Knidos
Ø  Greek cities revolt
Ø  Athens & Thebes ally
Ø  Pausanias (king of Sparta) asks for a truce, and is exiled from Sparta to Tegea
Ø  Athens & Thebes & other allies win a victory over Sparta at Corinth and against Ageilaus at Chaironeia
Ø  Corinth builds Long Walls to its harbor at Lechaion

393

Ø  Athens rebuilds her Long Walls
Ø  Citizens are paid for attending the Ekklesia

392

Ø  Corinth & Argos unite

391

Ø  Agesilaus captures Corinth's harbors
Ø  Canon dies in Cyprus

390

Ø  Agesilaus presides over the isthmian games
Ø  Iphicrates of Corinth invents a lighter hoplite armor and, with it, destroys an entire Spartan garrison (mora, 600 Spartiates). Ageesilaus retreats to Sparta in disgrace
Ø  Athens establishes a war tax
Ø  Evagoras of Salamis (Cyprus) revolts from Persia
Ø  Celts sack Rome

389

Ø  Athens regains the northern territories and levies a 5% tax on commerce

387

Ø  Plato founded Academy in Athens

387/6

Ø  Antalcidas blockades the Hellespont and declares peace
Ø  King's Peace if Artaxerxes II

386/5

Ø  Sparta breaks up Mantineia
Ø  Cities in the Chalcidike form a federation

384

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